Thanks for the link. I agree that this IS an interesting article. It brought up some points I had not considered previously. Chown makes an obvious effort to remain 'orthodox' while explaining things, so there is no clear tie-in to Heim Theory.

It does a good job of questioning the need for the Higgs field. The folk at CERN will (have already) poo-poo'd the notion that a Higgs boson explains very little. Their careers/livelihoods are tied to the Higgs particle so, yes, it is clearly connected with mass(ive amounts of income).

It is interesting to read an explanation of how inertia might be caused, meaning the quantum vacuum's property of virtual pairs of (mostly) electrons and positrons popping out and then recombining. The idea of 'thermal pressure' is curious but it boggles the mind to think that, in getting a bowling ball up to the speed (energy) needed to knock down some pins, I am 'warming up' one side of the ball and cooling the other, apparently at the atomic level.


This is about as close to Heim theory as this article comes. There is no development of what might cause these 'vortices' in 4-D space-time. Also, the idea of ANYTHING (including gravity) exceeding "c" is dismissed out-of-hand.

Still, the link is worth visiting for a fresh look at how the universe may function. I am sure to revisit it at least one more time.

I ran across Haisch some years ago. His take on inertia seemed unique. But the presence of Harold Puthoff in his circle raises yellow flags.


That description IS vaguely similar to the Heim concept. And recall that strictly speaking, nothing in EHT exceeds "c" either. "c" is locally redefined but all matter remains subject to (adjusted) relativity in that local region.

Duane

Bernard Haisch has been issued a patent for producing energy from the zero-point field. His patent (http://www.calphysics.org/Patent.html) details various designs of MEMS devices that utilize the casimir force to generate heat. Since the MEMS devices in question are of a geometry that can be fabricated (no features smaller than 100nm) by existing MEMS foundries, Haisch and the people working with him should be able to make a "proof of principle" MEMS device with the $100K they got from the University of Colorado (Jovion is the name of the start-up company he has started for this work). I know enough about semiconductor and MEMS process technologies to believe that he should be able to fabricate a simple demonstration device in the next 1-2 years by using the services of any existing commercial MEMS foundry.

I don't buy into any of these zero point energy theories. However, of all of the people into these ideas, Haisch seems to be the most solid guy into this stuff. Even if the Jovion experiment is not successful (which is the most likely outcome), it will still teach us useful information about the quantum vacuum.

I'm going with kurt9's don't-buy-in attitude. I didn't even get through the synopsis before my spider sense was tingling. The further I read in their .PDF of the patent application, the more intense the tingle became. Also, where's the tie-in with Heim Theory? I don't see one.

For one thing, ALL of this is hypothetical; the writer constantly states none of this has actually been proved (which doesn't preclude filing for a patent). I immediately saw that moving the atoms into and out of the Casimir cavities (or altering the volumes of the cavities) would consume considerable energy. (The claim is that a couple of milliwatts produces a couple of kilowatts. Sweet! I believe that's known as "the hook.") Those atoms are at room temperature and are jumping all over the place, relative to their effective diameter and the Casimir cavities are barely bigger than the atoms.

The ambient electromagnetic quantum vacuum is going to supply this 'free' energy at the speed of light, just like sunlight? What if the earth's molten iron core is suppressing the AEQV? There's the start of a flow bottleneck. I dunno,... energy flowing in from everywhere sounds dangerous, doesn't it?

A non-technical flag is raised by the poor quality of the writing. Sure, a typo is going to happen but missing the agreement of number in subject and verb really makes me feel uncomfortable about the thing. Repetition is another indicator: just how dense are Patent Examiners? This paper seems to think you can't repeat your idea too many times.

Put me down as very skeptical. :-(

Here's another take on the geometrization of physics, via fractals:

http://tinyurl.com/cezbfg

VERY iffy popular source, I know.

The two relevant arxiv papers:
http://arxiv.org/abs/0812.1148
http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0511251

Mysterious Vorticity Force, a Great World-Shaking Discovery

Preface:
Why does Pioneer 10 deviate from its orbit and travel at a decreasing velocity?
Why does the moon gradually get away from the earth?
Why does Mercury conduct precession?
Why is the earth rotation slowing down?
……
The answer is given as follows:
The Vorticity Force.

The mankind, from Aristotle to Galileo, Newton, Einstein, and the current generation，have been researching on the “gravitation” for over 2,000 years; However, the essence of gravitation still remains a conundrum; in addition, a great deal of physical phenomena cannot be explained with accuracy. At the beginning of the 21st century, the velocity decrement of space probes such as Pioneer 10 evolves as a major global baffling physical problem. Many scientists had raised a lot of theories to interpret this baffling problem, but none of them had been generally acknowledged by the public. Based on the results of experiments and researches I conducted in the past over two decades, I think that the extremely minute delay during flight of Pioneer 10 has nothing to do with the errors of observation on the earth, probe faults, interplanetary dust, and dark matter, instead, it is directly related to the so-called vorticity force that is ignored by people up to now. With the aid of a long-term Cavendish torsion balance experiments, not only the existence of such a force has been proved, but also the action of the vorticity force has been determined to be 1/10 billion of the earth surface gravity, and a new gravitation calculating formula as follows has been drawn:
F = Fn + Ft
Normal component Fn = GMm / r2
Tangential component [vorticity force] Ft = kGMmωCosα / r2
Where, K = 0.4 is a coefficient, ω indicates the angular velocity of a rotating sphere, in rps; α indicates the orbit inclination; Since the nine planets always stay in the equatorial plane of the sun, Cosα ≈ 1 is set.

The new gravitation calculating formula, which is drawn on the basis of experiments conducted by me in the past over two decades (over 300 students had participated in the several ten thousand experiments), indicates that the universal gravitation is composed of not only its normal component (i.e. the universal gravitation raised by Newton), but also its tangential component (i.e. the vorticity force). By means of accurate survey of the vorticity force and the new gravitation calculating formula, we can not only conduct qualitative explanation but also quantitative calculation of a great deal of problems of mechanics and astronomy, including the velocity decrement of Pioneer 10:
1. Mercury’s precession of 43" per 100 years (discrepancy from Newtonian theory)
2. Venus’ precession of 8.4″±4.8″per 100 years (discrepancy from Newtonian theory)
3. The earth’s precession of 5.0″±1.2″ per 100 years (discrepancy from Newtonian theory)
4. The velocity decrement of 4 space probes such as Pioneer 10 (the velocity decrement is equivalent to 1/10 billion of the earth-surface acceleration of gravity)
5. The moon is getting away from the earth by 3cm/year.
6. Rotation period of the earth is getting longer (0.00164s/100 years)
7. The setting point of Coriolis force moves eastward.
8. Revolution period of the Martian satellite I around Mars is getting longer (0.1ms/r).
9. The orbital plane of sun-synchronous orbital satellites shows precession; the precession of orbital plane of polar satellite at a high level of 900 kilometers is 1 degree per day. The orbital plane is perpendicular to the vorticity force and static against the vorticity force, which may be a great opportunity to prove the vorticity force and accuracy of the formula.
10. The oblateness 5×10-5m/s2 of the earth may affect the orbit of GPS satellites for approximately 10,000m per day, and this phenomenon can be interpreted and calculated as per the theory of vorticity force. The non-sphericity perturbation, which is the maximum perturbation item for calculation of satellite orbit, is caused by action of the vorticity force instead of the ellipticity of the earth.
11. Solar wind acceleration: The jet velocity is usually up to approximately 450 kilometers/second when it reaches the earth.
The above-mentioned achievements in research were already published in the publication (Mysterious Vorticity Force, a Companion of the Universal Gravitation, published by China 21st Century Publishing House) released in 2005; some contents of the book shall be quoted and given below to show how the above-mentioned problems are interpreted and calculated as per the new gravitation calculating formula.

I. Velocity Decrement of Pioneer 10
Pioneer 10 was launched in 1972 to probe the interplanetary medium, magnetosphere and atmosphere of Jupiter. It crossed the orbit of Neptune in 1983. Pioneer 11 was launched in 1975 to probe Jupiter. The probe Galileo is launched in October 1989, it crossed Venus in February 1990, it traveled 3.7 ×109 kilometers in 6 years and finally reached the periphery of Jupiter in 1996 and flied round Jupiter for 11 circles to perform relevant expedition. Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 have already made a visit to Jupiter and Saturn. 2 airships “Tourist” have already accessed the vicinity of Uranus and Neptune. Now the 4 airships have already reached the periphery of the solar system. The doubt about Newton's law of gravitation, which is raised by the velocity decrement of spacecrafts and put forward by the scientists from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, is in agreement with the conclusion of the experiments, and the analysis (data up to Year 2002) of the orbits is given as below:
1. Qualitative Analysis:
Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and Galileo were launched from the earth, and separated themselves from the earth orbit (earth vortex) to probe Jupiter, but they still remain inside the sun vortex. Since the earth is closer to the sun, the vorticity force of the sun near the earth's revolution orbit is high; while, Jupiter is far away form the sun, therefore the vorticity force of the sun is low. Taking the proximity of the earth's revolution orbit as a frame of reference, people may feel that spacecrafts are losing speed when they are close to Jupiter’s revolution orbit.
2. Quantitative Analysis:
Earth-rotation angular velocity: ωe = 1.16×10-5 rps Sun rotation period is 25 days
Sun-rotation angular velocity: ωs = ωe/25
Relationship between mass of the sun and mass of the earth: Ms = 3.3×105 Me
Radius of the earth Re = 6.4×103 km
Distance from the earth to the sun: ds-e = 1.5×108 km
Distance from Jupiter to the sun: ds-j = 7.78×108 km
Vorticity force near the earth's revolution orbit, centering on the sun:
Ft-e = KGMs mωsCosα/d2 s-e..
(Cosα ≈ 1, m indicates the weight of a space probe, and k = 0.4 is a coefficient) ①
Ft-e = G (Mem/Re2) × 3.3×105 ωsK
d2 s-e / Re2
Have the data substituted in:
Ft-e = G (Mem /Re2)×3.3×105×1.16×10-5×0.40
25 ×(1.50×108 /6.4×103)2
= 1.12×10-10 GMem /Re2
= 1.12×10-10 Fne
Where, Fne indicates the earth gravitation to the space probe, namely the gravity
Vorticity force Ft-j of the sun near Jupiter’s revolution orbit of:
Ft-j Ft-e = ds-e ds-j2 = 1.5×108 7.78×1082 .②
Ft-j = 0.037Ft-e
When people take the earth 's revolution orbit as a frame of reference, the force (i.e. the vorticity force)observed near Jupiter’s revolution orbit that causes the velocity decrement of spacecrafts is:
Ft = Ft-e - Ft-j = Ft-e (1-0.037) = 1.08×10-10×Fne......③
The conclusion is approximate to the data raised by the scientists from USA.
As per the data acquired up till now, Pioneer 10 already falls behind its scheduled travel for over 400,000 kilometers, and this can also be calculated as per the formula listed below:
S = 0.5at2
Where, “a” indicates 1/10 billion of acceleration of gravity on the earth surface, and “t” indicates the time (launching time, in seconds), if the following data are substituted in─
S = 0.5×9.8×10-10 × (30×365×24×60×60)2
= 438,500Km
The result of calculation basically conforms to the falling-behind distance of Pioneer 10.
The velocity decrement of the 4 space probes such as Pioneer 10 launched by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is a major issue of celestial mechanics at the beginning of the new century. It raised an accurate and strong query about the Newton's law of gravitation. In addition, it proved the assumption of gravitation put forward by Kepler and the forecast of “frame dragging” raised in the general relativity, and rendered a relatively accurate criterion for the exactness of the calculating formula for vorticity force (i.e. the tangential component of universal gravitation).

II. The Moon gradually Gets away from the Earth
In recent years, some scientists and scientific workers from several countries find out that the moon is gradually getting away from us and will get darker and darker by in-depth research.
The measuring results, which were acquired by the scientists from USA and France with the aid of the mirrors erected by USA spaceman on the moon in 1969, shows that the distance between the earth and the moon had been increased for over 1m in the past 28 years. The scientists from USA and France measured the changes in the distance between the moon and the earth by the accurate time measuring method. The said method makes a laser pulse be projected onto the mirror surface erected on the moon and then reflected back to a detector erected on the earth, and such a return journey requires approximately 2.5 seconds. Repeated measurements of the changes in the time necessary for the return journey may indicate the changes in the distance between the moon and the earth. The repeated measurements show that the distance between the moon and the earth is increased for nearly 4 centimeters due to the rubbing effect of tides occurring on the earth surface.
The scientists thought that tides took place on the earth surface under the action of the moon gravitation, part of the energy of such tidal movements was scattered into the seas and oceans on the earth, the said loss of energy might have influence upon the movement of the moon system, therefore the moon was gradually getting away from the earth.

Two geographers from USA also find out that the moon is gradually getting away from the earth indeed through their research in the nautilus fossils. The two scientists took a view of the research findings of several kinds of nautilus fossils and found that the undulating whorls on their shells were provided with performances identical with those of the growth rings of trees. There were many sets of whorls that were different in width, each set had approximately 30 fine undulating growth lines, and the number of growth lines were identical with the number of days of a month specified in the modern lunar calendar. It was observed that one undulating growth line might be formed within one day, and one set of growth lines might be formed within one month. The two scientists were greatly enlightened by such a special phenomenon of growth. They observed again the fossils of ancient nautilus and found out wondrously that the number of growth lines of each set of the ancient nautilus was gradually reduced along with increase of the fossil ages, while the growth lines on spiral shells of the same geological age were changeless. The research findings show that there are 30 growth lines on the shell of a nautilus living in the contemporary age, there are 26 growth lines on the shell of a nautilus living in the Oligocene epoch of Cenozoic era, there are 22 growth lines on the shell of a nautilus living in the Cretaceous period, there are 18 growth lines on the shell of a nautilus living in the Jurassic Period, there are 15 growth lines on the shell of a nautilus living in the Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic Era, and there are 9 growth lines on the shell of a nautilus living in the Ordovician period. Based on the data given above, it may be concluded that it took only 9 days for the moon to move a circle round the earth 420 million years before, namely in the Ordovician period of the Paleozoic Era. The two geographers calculated the distance between the moon and the earth at that time in accordance with the physics principles such as the universal gravitation, and the calculated result showed that the distance between the moon and the earth over 400 million years before was 43% of the current one.
The scientists also performed calculations and researches in the phenomena of lunar eclipse recorded in the past nearly 3,000 years, and the results fully coincided with the above-mentioned inference, showing that the moon was getting away gradually.
The tidal force is composed of a normal component (universal gravitation) and a tangential component (vorticity force). Exactly, the vorticity force enables the moon’s angular momentum to get away from the earth. The earth rotation rate gets lower because of the conservation of angular momentum in the process.
Quantitative Calculation:
Applicable formula: tangential component [vorticity force] Ft = kGMmωCosα/ r2
Basic Data:Cosα≈ 1
Basic Data:
Mass of the earth Me = 6×1024 kg，Moon-earth distance r = 38.4×107 m
mgh = m v2 /2 ①
v = aT ②
Average velocity of the moon in a week: v = ＝2v/π ③
Angular velocity difference: q = 1-1/30 = 29/30
v = 2aT/π, ω = 1/T
a = KGωM /r2 ④
mg = GMm/r2 ⑤
Daily departing distance of the moon from the earth: h = 2GK2 Mq/π2 r2
= 2×6.67×10-11×0.16×6×1024×29
(38.4×107)2×3.142×30
= 8.51×10-5m
Yearly departing distance of the moon from the earth: 8.51×10-5×365= 0.031m
The results are identical with the measured values.
The vortex theory is also applicable to the earth-moon system. The earth-rotation vorticity force acts on the moon. The moon receives exactly what the earth loses because of the conservation of angular momentum. The counterforce from the moon may cause great waves on the earth surface.

III. Precession of Mercury
Though the Newtonian mechanics met with immense successes time after time, people still found that a phenomenon i.e. perihelion precession of Mercury could not be interpreted. Both the observation and calculation conducted by Le Verrier showed: The perihelion precession of Mercury per 100 year was probably 40 angular seconds higher than the value calculated as per the Newtonian gravitation theory. He raised in 1845 that exceptional movement of Mercury was caused by an undiscovered planet that was referred to as “the Vulcan”. But the so-called Vulcan was not observed all the time. Newcomb, an astronomer from USA conducted more detailed calculations of precession of Mercury in 1882. The results showed that the perihelion precession of Mercury should be 43" per 100 years. People thought initially that the dispersed matter of giving out the zodiacal light damped the movement of Mercury. Someone attempted to interpret the phenomenon as per the electromagnetism theory afterwards. The both were ended in failure, without exception.

After the special relativity was put forward by Einstein, the precession of Mercury predicted as per the special relativity was only 1/6 of the actual observed result. The doubts and suspicions were not disambiguated before Einstein published the general theory of relativity.
Einstein thought that gravitation field of the sun was applicable to the Schwarzschild solutions, and the perihelion precession of Mercury might be interpreted. He thought that Mercury should move as per the mode of free particles in the Schwarzschild field, and its orbit should conform to the geodesic lines inside the curved space of the Schwarzschild metric.
Einstein described the vorticity field of gravitation by the advanced Riemann surface, and calculated the perihelion precession of Mercury by the assumption of the Schwarzschild metric. Nevertheless, the mathematics could not replace the physics after all. Therefore, the interpretation of precession of Mercury as per the general theory of relativity was also not perfect. Einstein once regarded the gravitation field of the sun as a gravitation field of spherical symmetry when he thought over it; however, that was only a approximation since the sun rotates one turn per 25 days such that its gravitation field was not complete spherical symmetry. The results of such influences were equivalent to a gravitation field generated by an oblate spheroid field, and this type of effect is referred to as solar ellipticity arose by rotation. *** and Gale Dernberger from USA measured in 1966 a solar ellipticity of 5.0 ± 0.7 ×10^-5. As per the result, it was estimated that 8% namely 3" in the precession effect 43" of Mercury was caused by the effect of solar ellipticity, in other words, if the actually observed result of solar ellipticity was taken into account, there would be a deviation of 3 second of arc between the calculated result as per the general theory of relativity and the actually observed result. And the deviation might be up to approximately 5 angular seconds if the influences of the medium damping and the error of precessional constant were taken into account.
Since the nine planets keep on rotating and simultaneously revolving round the sun counterclockwise, their revolution velocities are basically stable, including Mercury. However, as Mercury is the closest planet to the sun in the solar system and bears the maximum vorticity force from the sun, and the ellipse eccentricity of revolving orbit of Mercury is the highest (its eccentricity e = 0.2), the orbit-perihelion precession of Mercury is rated as the maximum among the nine planets. In order to approve the suppose, we might as well analyze and calculate its orbit as per the formula of vorticity force. About Precession of Mercury
1. Qualitative Analysis:
The ellipse revolving orbit of Mercury round sun is shown in the Figure. The sun is at the center, and the position 4 is the perihelion of major axis of Mercury orbit. Because the tangential component of universal gravitation exists, the horizontal component of its tangential acceleration “at” is aH (aH = atcosωt), its value is increased from zero to the maximum from position O to position 4 and decreased from the maximum to zero from position 4 to position 8, as shown in the Figure. The action of the 16 on aH pushes the upper part (0-4-8) of Mercury leftward and its lower part (8-12-0) rightward, therefore a rightward precession of major axis is generated in position 4, and a leftward precession of major axis is generated in position 12, and the directions are consistent with the directions (revolving counterclockwise) of tangential component of the universal gravitation. In a similar way, the right half (12-0-4) of the orbit moves upward and the left half moves downward such that precession also occurs in the minor axis of the orbit, and the precession of minor axis is caused by perpendicular component of the “at”.
2. Quantitative Calculation:
Basic Data:Mercury-sun distance: d = 0.58 ×1011 m(Averaged)
Mass of the sun Ms = 1.98 ×1030 kg
Sun-rotation angular velocity ωs = 4.64 ×10-7 rod/s
Mercury revolution period t = 88days = 7.6 ×106 s Sun rotation period: 25 days
Tangential acceleration of Mercury at = qKωsMsG/d2, averaged as a t = [2/π]×at ①
Angular velocity difference: q＝1－25/88 = 0.716
Mercury-precession angular velocity when the sun rotates for one turn
= 1/2 a t (t)2 ×360°＝2 qKωsMsG(t)2 ×360°
2πd 4π3 d3
= 2 × 0.716 × 0.4 × 4.64 × 10-7 × 1.98 × 10-7 × 6.67 × 10-11 × (25×24×3600)2 × 360
4 × 3.142 × (0.58 × 1011)3
= 7.6 ×10-6 degrees
100 years is equal to 1460 periods, thus the actual precession is 1.12 ×10-2 degrees.
Precession of Venus and the earth may be calculated as per the said formula. The comparison between the results calculated as per the said formula and the results calculated as per the general theory of relativity is given below:
Calculated as per the general theory of relativity Calculated as per vorticity force Measured value
Precession of Mercury 43″ 40″ 43.11″ + 0.45″
Precession of Venus 8.9″ 9.6″ 8.4″ + 4.8″
Precession of the Earth 3.8″ 4.4 ″ 5.0″ + 1.2″
The precession of Mercury calculated as per the vorticity force theory and formula, or calculated as per the general theory of relativity and Schwarzschild metric, is similar to the measured values. It may be said that the same goal is achieved with different means and formulas. The comparison between the two calculating methods is given below:
Precession angle at perihelion as per the general theory of relativity is:
= 24π2 d2
t2 c2 (1 –e2)
[Where, d indicates the semimajor axis length of revolution orbit of Mercury, e indicates the eccentricity, and t indicates the annual period of Mercury.]
While, the precession angle as per vorticity force formula is:
= 180KωsMsGqt2
π2d3
[Where, d indicates the semimajor axis length of revolution orbit of Mercury, t indicates the annual period of Mercury, K = 0.4 is a constant, ωs indicates the sun-rotation angular velocity, and Ms indicates the mass of the sun.]
As per the general theory of relativity, the precession angle is proportional to the square value of semimajor axis length, while the precession angle is inversely proportional to the cube value of semimajor axis length in the vorticity force formula. As per the general theory of relativity, the precession angle is inversely proportional to the square value of Mercury revolution period, while the precession angle is proportional to the square value of period in the vorticity force formula. This phenomenon is worthy of deep thinking.
The general theory of relativity, which abandons the traditional Euclidean space and adopts the Riemann surface space, may be said as extremely unpopular and abstruse; while the vorticity force theory follows the original Euclidean space and supplement a tangential component (namely vorticity force theory) into the Newtonian classical mechanics such that the calculation method may be greatly simple and convenient.

IV. Measuring Tangential Component (Vorticity Force) of Gravitation by Cavendish Torsion Balance Experiment
Newton published in 1686 his well-known law of universal gravitation, in which he proved through infinitesimal calculus that the gravitation borne by any well-distributed spheroid or gravitation applied by a well-distributed spheroid was identical with gravitation when all mass of the spheroid was concentrated at the center of a spheroid, namely:
F = GMm / r2 ①
"People can not evaluate the gravitation between two objects if he only knows the mass M•m of the two objects and the distance r between them(between barycenters), he must know the value of universal gravitation constant G. But, the value G is extraordinary low, and it is very difficult for people to directly determine the value of G. Over 100 years later, a British scientist Cavendish (Henry Cavendish) determined in 1798 the universal gravitation constant G through his ingenious and precise skills of “torsion balance” experiment. Up to now, the Cavendish torsion balance still serves as one of the most precise instrument for mechanical measurement.
People following Cavendish had measured and calculated the value of G again and again, and the acquired outcomes got more and more accurate. In 1928, a physicist P•R• Heyl from the American Bureau of Standards determined the value of G as 6.673 ×10-11 N. m2 / kg2. We shall note that the value is extremely small, and it is a standard applicable to the low gravitation measuring. Two 1-kg poises apart from each other for 1m may have a mutual attraction force of 1/20 billion gram each. The fact that the object may be attracted at a force of 1 kg even though it is 6400 kilometers apart from the earth's core shows us the gigantic mass of the earth. People “weighed” the earth exactly with the Cavendish torsion balance for the first time. It is inconceivable for people to weigh the mass of the planet namely earth with such a precise torsion balance.
As shown in Figure 1, the applied Cavendish torsion balance is set up inside a cell of special construction. People performs relevant manipulation, observation, and recording outside the cell. A fine copper wire is located in the middle, a small light-weight bar is hung with the wire, the hanging point is located at the center of the bar, both ends of the bar are attached with small shots m1 and m2 of equal mass, and two big shots M1 and M2 of equal mass are placed in front of m1 and behind m2 respectively. At this moment, m1 and M1 attract each other and M2 and m2 attract each other, the resulting moment pushes the fine bar to turn, the hanging wire is accordingly turned round, and the reflector at the center of the fine bar is turned for an angle which is proportional to the applied moment. Therefore, the gravitation between the big and small shots may be determined if only the angle is determined. The device is designed as per two most excellent design principles. The first is the transformation principle, namely Force → Moment→ Torsion Wire Declination → Light Cursor Displacement. The three transformations enable people to determine a small force. The other is the amplification principle, namely adopt a T-frame (fine bar and hanging wire form a T shape) to increase the arm of force, use a reflected light path to increase the declination, increase the interval between the small mirror and light cursor so as to increase the displacement. The three amplification enhance the measuring precision effectively. The fine bar is 182cm in length, with small shot m = 730 grams, big shot M = 158 kg, and vibration period T = 1680 second. Cavendish had conducted 29 sets of different experiments to determine the universal gravitation constant G, and acquired an average value of G = 6.717 ×10-11N.m2/kg2 . It is extraordinary approximate to the current standard value.
The principle of Cavendish torsion balance used presently is similar to that in those years, but a small-scale construction is adopted, with a gross weight of approximately 8kg (including big shots). To avoid the interference of air currents, static electricity and magnetic force, the hanging wire, T-frame and testing small shots are enclosed. While the big shots are not enclosed so as to facilitate relevant operation. The price of such Cavendish torsion balance is lower than 2,000 Yuan, so the device is applicable to classroom demonstration and experiment conducted by students. Laser is adopted as its light source so as to ensure more accurate readings. It is inexplicable that many undergraduate graduated from department of physics of well-known universities had not conducted this experiment and many students even had not caught sight of a Cavendish torsion balance. Somebody even said it is extraordinary difficult to conduct the experiment because it shall be conducted in a high-vacuum environment. Here, let us enter into a laboratory, conduct survey circumambience of the rotating sphere by a Cavendish torsion balance, and find out the secret existing around the rotating sphere.
Experiment: Measuring the Normal and Tangential Components (Vorticity Force) of the Universal Gravitation by Cavendish Torsion Balance
1. For the experiment, a universal gravitation detector NC-K manufactured in 1985 by Science and Education Instrument Plant affiliated to the East China Normal University shall be adopted. The hanging wire and T-member of the instrument are properly enclosed such that the interference of air current and static electricity can be avoided.
Gravitation constants G = π2 b2 ds / MT2 L ②
Where, M: Mass of big shot T: Vibration period of torsion balance
b: Distance between big shot center and small shots center d: Arm length of small shot
L: Luminous-point projection distance (measurable)
s: Luminous-point displacement distance (measurable)
The gravitation constants we determined in the past years are relatively accurate, and the latest experiment is shown below:
T = 220 s b = 4.61 ×10-2 m
d = 5.0 ×10-2 m s = 1.13 ×10-2 m
M = 1.5 kg L = 2.70 m
Considering the attraction of M2 to m1 and the attraction of M1 to m2, it is required to have the values multiplied by a correction coefficient (1 + 0.073), and have the data substituted in:
G = (1 + 0.073) × 3.142 × (4.61 × 10-2)2 × 5.0 × 10-2 ×1.13 ×10-2
1.5 × 2202 ×2.70
= 6.50 ×10-11 N m2/kg2
Error E = 6.67 × 10-11 -6.5 × 10-11 ③
6.67 ×10-11 = 2.55%
Have ② substituted into ① to evaluate the gravitation that is referred to as the normal component Fn of the universal gravitation.
2. To determine the force applied on a small shot by a rotating big shot, the experiment must be designed over again. As shown in Figure 2, place the big shot on a swivel table, with the equatorial plane of the big shot close to the small shot and its rotation axis perpendicular to the horizontal plane. When you view the big shot from its obverse side at this moment, and you may find that the big shot is not over against the small shot but is on the side of the small shot: Since it is hard to fulfill frontal attack, outflanking tactics may be applied, and this is one of the key points of the new conception. To avoid vibrations, place the swivel table and the torsion balance on two experiment tables respectively that are close to but do not abut on each other, cushion the legs of the tables with soft pads for vibration isolation, and magnetic shield shall be arranged for the small shots.
Turn the big shot slowly and steadily and find out that the laser point is moved (usually after 1 cycle is completed). Determine the traveling direction of the small shot which is along the tangent direction of the big shot rotation, as shown in the top view in Figure 2. The existing universal gravitation which is the normal component indicated as Fn points to the mass center; the newly discovered force is perpendicular to the normal component, is called the tangential component along the tangent direction and have it indicated as Ft. Several small experiments shown as follow will be taken to further investigate Ft.
1) The big shot is a shot of 1500g, with mass center interval of 7.5cm, counterclockwise as positive, clockwise as negative. Light point of the device travels for 1mm, with a force of approximately 2.50×10-10 Newton.
Table 1
Big-shot rotation direction Traveling distance mm Rotational velocity (r/s)
Counterclockwise 0.5 1.0
Counterclockwise 0.6 1.0
Counterclockwise 0.4 1.0
Counterclockwise 0.5 1.0
Clockwise -0.4 1.0
Clockwise -0.5 1.0
Clockwise -0.6 1.0
Counterclockwise 0.25 0.5
Counterclockwise 0.3 0.5
Counterclockwise 0.2 0.5
Clockwise -0.3 0.5
Clockwise -0.2 0.5
Clockwise -0.25 0.5
Show Table 1 as a figure, shown in Figure 3

Brief summary: (1) The force direction of small shot conforms to the tangent direction of the big shot rotation
(2) The force is related with the rotational velocity, similar to straight line dependence , Ft∝ω
2) Researching in the mass relationship of Ft
The rotating big shots are a poise of 1kg, a poise of 500g, and a hollow copper ball of 50g respectively, with a mass center distance of 7.5cm
Category of big shots Traveling distance (mm) Rotational velocity ω/2π
Poise of 1kg 0.4 1.0
0.3 1.0
Poise of 500g 0.2 1.0
0.15 1.0
Hollow copper ball of 50g 0.00 1.0
0.00 1.0
Conclusions: (1) Ft is related with mass, similar to straight line dependence, namely Ft∝M;
(2) Though the diameter of the hollow copper ball is similar to other rotating big shots, the Ft generated by its rotation is very low due to its too small mass; in addition, good sealing property (such as free of interference of air current) of the instrument is also proved in the experiments,.

3) Researching in direction of the forces: Big shot is a shot of 1500g with mass center distance of 7.5cm, as shown in Figure 4.
Deviation angle A Displacement (mm) Angular velocity ω/2π
30° 0.1 1.0
60° 0.25 1.0
90° 0.00 1.0
0° 0.5 1.0


Brief summary: Direction of Ft is perpendicular to the connecting line between mass centers of the two shots, identical with the tangent direction of big shot rotation.
4) Researching in the relationship between the Ft and the mass center (big shot is a shot of 1500g).

Mass center interval Displacement (mm) Angular velocity ω/2π
7.5cm 0.50 1.0
7.5cm 0.50 1.0
10.00cm 0.25 1.0
10.00cm 0.25 1.0
Brief summary: F1∝1/r2
Conclusion: As shown in Figure 5, when the shot M rotates, the gravitation between the two shots contains not only a normal component Fn, but also a tangent component Ft, namely F = Fn + Ft. ④
In the equation ④, normal component Fn = GMm/r2, with its direction pointing to the mass center of the opposite one: Ft indicates the tangential component that is perpendicular to Fn and conforms to the tangent direction of the rotating shot, as shown in Figure 5:
Ft = KGMmωcosα / r2 ⑤
In the equation ⑤, ω indicates the rotation angular velocity of the big shot, in r/s; k = 0.40s/r is a proportionality coefficient, α indicates the contained angle between the mass-center connecting line of the two shots and the connecting line’s projection on the maximum rotation surface (similar to the equatorial plane of the earth) in which the mass center of the rotating shot lies.
If the two shots are kept in inactive state or the both fails to cut gravitation lines mutually, then F = Fn and Ft = 0, this is exactly the existing law of universal gravitation, however, there is no celestial body that does not rotate and travel inside the boundless and indistinct universe after all.
In the equation ④, Fn indicates the conservative force, therefore, ▽×Fn = 0 ⑥
Ft indicates the vorticity force, therefore ▽×F≠0 ⑦

II. Two Precautions for Calculation:
1. Similar to an engine, the rotating sphere transfers the energy by its cycles. For example, the sun transfer energy to its planets, and the sun transfers equal amount of energy to the planets every cycle of the sun rotation.
2. Since the testing sphere (namely the small shot on T-frame of Cavendish torsion balance) stands still while the planets keep on traveling with revolution velocity, the relative angular velocity difference must be taken into account. For example, 10-cycles rotation of the sun spends 250 days while 1- cycle revolution of Mercury lasts for 88 days; within the 250 days, Mercury revolve round the sun for nearly three turns in the same direction as sun-rotating direction, and the angular velocity difference is q＝1－25/88＝0.716.
While, the moon revolves round the earth, therefore, the vorticity force acting on the moon is considerably lower. According to the theory of frame dragging of the general theory of relativity, a frame dragging shall be produced around a celestial body when it rotates. The distance greater, the space-time dragging velocity is lower. However, the dragged velocity is certain for a position that is located at a certain distance from the celestial body. If the moon stands still, the vorticity force acting on the moon may be calculated as per formula 15. Since the moon rotates and is also provided with a revolution velocity, the vorticity force brought by the earth onto the moon is extremely low. All the nine planets in the solar system keep on rotating and also keep on revolving round the sun counterclockwise. Therefore the vorticity force brought by the sun onto the planets is extremely low, and their revolution velocities are basically stable after a running-in process of scores of billion years.
Comparison Table of Radiuses, Rotation Periods, masses, Autorotation Forces, and Number of Satellites of the Sun, the Moon, the Earth and the Other Eight Planets:
Designation Radius r Rotation period T Mass M Vorticity force Ft = KGMmωcosα /r2 Number of satellites
The earth 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
The sun 109 25 5
3×10 1.01 9
The moon 0.272 30 0.012 0.0054 0
Mercury 0.38 59 0.055 0.0065 0
Venus 0.95 244 0.82 0.0037 0
Mars 0.53 1.026 0.11 0.38 2
Jupiter 11.2 0.41 318 6.18 61
Saturn 9.4 0.44 95 2.44 31
Uranus 3.8 0.7 14.5 1.43 22
Neptune 3.9 0.76 17 1.47 12
Pluto 0.5 6.4 0.17 0.106 1
Comparing the eight planets, it is not difficult to find out that the plants with similar mass and high autorotation force may possess more satellites, in reverse, possess little or even no satellite. Jupiter has the highest autorotation force and possesses the maximum member of satellites among the nine planets; the autorotation force of Saturn is rated as the second one and possesses the second maximum number of satellites. Though Venus is larger than Mars, it not only possesses no natural satellite, but also still more difficult for it to capture an artificial satellite because its autorotation force is lower than 1% of that of Mars.
It seems to be certain that the delegate in the field of gravitation theories must be Keppler, Newton and Einstein. Remarkableness is that two among the three delegates agreed that vortex could be generated around the planet or fixed star when they kept on rotating. Keppler imagined that gravitation acted as wheel spokes, which on the one hand could maintain the planets on their orbit and could not escape (namely the normal component), and on the other hand, could forced the planets to revolve round the sun (namely the tangential component) with the rotation of the sun. The general theory of relativity set forth by Einstein still contains a forecast i.e. frame dragging to be validated that is rarely known by the people: When a planet or fixed star rotates in a space, it may drag the space-time around itself. This phenomenon is extremely similar to the following case: When you place a ball into a bowl filled with water and allow the ball to rotate, the frictional force generated on the surface of the ball may drag the water along its rotating direction. The water close to the ball may rotate at a higher velocity, and the dragging effect gets poorer for the water further away the ball. In 1918, two Austrian physicists Joseph Lense and Hans Thirring thought that an object (especially big-mass object) might generate extra effect and twisted the space-time when it rotated. That case is similar to a case, in which a rotating wooden ball may slightly drag the surrounding air, while the “wooden ball” namely the earth may drag exactly the space-time around it.
The Newtonian theory does not acknowledge the phenomenon that vortex may be generated when a celestial body rotates, therefore the Newtonian theory fails to explain either the “precession of Mercury” or the “velocity decrement of space probes”. Moreover, the Newtonian theory is felt to be simply helpless when handling a lot of astronomical phenomena such as angular momentum of the solar system and the inverse rotation of Venus etc. ……
Practice is the only criterion by which a theory can be verified. A conclusion drawn in a laboratory must also be verified by practice before it can become a theory. Based on long-term research, with the aid of a Cavendish torsion balance, Mr. Zhu Yonghuan proved in 2001 that the universal gravitation contained not only a normal component (namely universal gravitation raised by Newton), but also a tangential component, and a formula as follows had been drawn:
F = Fn + Ft
Normal component Fn = GMm /r2
Tangential component [vorticity force]Ft = kGMmωCosα/r2
Where, K = 0.4 is a coefficient, ω indicates the angular velocity of a rotating sphere in revolution/second; α indicates the orbit obliquity; Since the nine planets always stay in the equatorial plane of the sun, Cosα ≈ 1 is set.
In the world, any mature theory is based on repeated experiments, any new theory may be recognized, accepted, and finally applied by people through a considerably long process, just like Einstein vs. Newton. The universal gravitation, whose status in the 19th century is similar to the status of the Theory of Relativity nowadays, was surpassed finally. Of course, the Theory of Relativity was not raised in one day, and also could not be accepted in one day. This is exactly the glamour of science, which may stand any trial and may be surely accepted. I am a physics teacher of a middle school, skilled in manufacturing of teaching aids and experiments. On the basis of the deep love and perseverance to science, through research with great concentration for many years, I discovered the evidence of existence of the “vorticity force” finally and drew new mechanics formula that had been verified repeatedly. Nevertheless, due to the people's relatively conservative attitude towards science in China, this theory has neither been propagated in a wider range, nor accepted, nor applied though it had been published and regarded as positive by many experts, and a certain amount of disputes and points of disagreement had been aroused.
As everyone knows, both the satellite and the spacecraft launching may be confronted with a problem that a considerable error from the scheduled positions may occur every day. The application of many empirical formulas may have the problems solved. If the vorticity force formula is applied in relevant calculation, both accuracy and simpleness can be guaranteed. The vorticity force and its formula can not only solve the problems of the fundament physics, but also bring along a series of breakthrough revolution in the actual applications.
Reference:
1. Zhou Yanbai, Lectures of Theoretical Mechanics (Edition 1), Beijing: People's Education Publishing House, in April 1979
2. Pan Yongxiang, A Brief History of Natural Science (Edition 1), Peking University Press, Dec. 1984
3. F. W .SEARS Etc., College Physics, Mar. 1979
4. I.A.SIMOV., The Earth and the Atmosphere, 1972
5. C.SAGEN., The Solar System, 1975
6. A.P.FRENCH. Newtonian Mechanics, 1971
7. Yi Zhaohua, Progress in Astronomy, June 8th, 1983
8. Department of Astronomy, Nanjing University, Astronomical Knowledge, Sept. 1976
9. Wei Fengwen, Lectures of Space-Time Physics
10. Xiang Delin and Tang Yuan, Rotation Curve of the Galaxy, Progress in Astronomy, VOL. NO. 4P356.
11. Measuring Tangential Component of Gravitation by Cavendish Torsion Balance Experiment, Physics Bulletin 2002.09
12. Mysterious Vorticity Force, a Companion of Universal Gravitation, E-Book by Jiangxi Education Publishing House, Mar. 2003
13. Mysterious Vorticity Force, a Companion of Universal Gravitation, the 21st Publishing House, Mar. 2005

Enclosed: Resume of the Author
Zhu Yonghuan: Born on Nov. 23, 1949, Han nationality, graduated from Jiangxi Normal College Nanchang Branch, serving as senior teacher and director of the Physics / Chymistry / Biology Laboratory of Nanchang No. 1 Railway Middle School for 12 years
I. Prizes Obtained
1. Outstanding teacher in 1995 by Nanchang railway branch bureau
2. Outstanding teacher in 2002 by Nanchang railway branch bureau
3. Outstanding experimental teacher in 2004 in Nanchang
4. The Ampere's Force Experimental Provision made by myself was awarded with the First Prize by Nanchang Municipal Education Commission, the Second Prize by the Provincial Education Commission, and submitted to the 2th Assessment though Comparison of Self-Made Physics Experimental Teaching Aids held by State Education Commission in 1987.
5. “Tinner Scattering Three-Dimensional Display Device” made by myself in 1995 was awarded with the First Prize by Nanchang Municipal Education Commission, the Second Prize by the Provincial Education Commission, participation prize by State Education Commission, with a national patent taken out.
6. “Optic Phenomenon Three-Dimensional Demonstrator” was awarded with the excellent prize at the 7th Annual Meeting of the East China Physics Teaching and Research Society in 1996.
7. “Laser Pen Optic Experimental Apparatus” was awarded with the second prize of Jiangxi Provincial Course-Reform Achievement, with a national patent taken out
8. Nanchang Municipal Teaching-Aid Self-Making Expert in May 2006 .
9. Jiangxi Provincial Teaching-Aid Self-Making Expert in July 2006.

II. Thesis and Treatises
1. Tinner Scattering Three-Dimensional Optic Display Device, Physics Bulletin 1996.5
2. Measuring Tangential Component of Gravitation by Cavendish Torsion Balance Experiment, Physics Bulletin 2002.09
3. Mysterious Vorticity Force, a Companion of Universal Gravitation, e-book by Jiangxi Education Publishing House, 2003.03
4. Mysterious Vorticity Force, a Companion of Universal Gravitation, the 21st Publishing House, Mar. 2005

The theoretical Alcubierre superluminal warp drive has been found to be unstable when quantum mechanics is taken into account. So is it time for D&H to revive their theory of parallel space for FTL travel due to different values for G and c within the influence of the positive gravito-photonic field?

http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/
http://arxiv.org/abs/0904.0141

New Summary Paper:

http://www.hpcc-space.de/publications/docu...toMarch2009.pdf

Please note:

Eric W. Davis: Review of Gravity Control Within Newtonian and General Relativistic Physics; page 218 - 221: Heim´s Quantum Theory for Space Propulsion.
in: Marc G. Millis (et al.): Frontiers of Propulsion Science. American Inst. of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Reston 2009, ISBN 1-56347-956-7

More evidence for quintessence (Gq). In an article "Is dark energy getting weaker?" data suggests that acceleration of space is slowing down.

"Yet if dark energy is changing, the cosmological constant could not be the driver. Instead, it would suggest far more exotic physics at work. It might even mean dark energy does not exist at all. One example of an exotic origin is "quintessence", a theoretical quantum field that permeates space like the as-yet-unidentified field thought to have driven inflation right after the big bang. This field could be dissipating and losing energy, eventually causing the universe to decelerate and collapse back on itself."

I was just re-reading some articles, and I wonder if there are any more current papers available? In particular, more current than this: http://www.hpcc-space.com/publications/doc...Abbreviated.pdf
I'm wondering what "special material" is used for the spinning disk? As it reads now, skeptics will equate "special material" to "Unobtainium," which is not good.

Aero, this link will give the most recent documents on their site. However, not much that is new other than the Sacramento talk:

http://www.hpcc-space.de/publications/documents/?C=M;O=D